“Birmingham isn’t a big city at peak times”: How relying on buses rather than trams AND buses explains the UK’s productivity puzzle

Above – an Edinburgh pre-tram bus jam.

Above – a slow moving 1950s bus jam

These article explains how solely relying on buses holds back a city’s economy:

https://citymonitor.ai/transport/birmingham-isn-t-big-city-peak-times-how-poor-public-transport-explains-uk-s-productivity

https://productivityinsightsnetwork.co.uk/2019/01/real-journey-time-real-city-size-and-the-disappearing-productivity-puzzle/