See Also:
-1 Likely cost of Tram Tracks £10m /km in Germany.
0 Likely Tram Track Installations costs for Bath – French Tram Engineering Experts EGIS
1 tram light rail track installation costs
2 Recent German Light Rail Tram Track costs – £13 – £20m / km
3 UK Tram track light rail installation costs – “circa £20m to £30m per route kilometre”
4 Tram track installation costs – where can the money come from to install trams in cities?
7 Buried underground cables pipes utilities movement diversions and tram light rail installations
8 Tram light rail track installation costs
9 Professor Lesley’s initial analysis into Bath Tram likely installation costs
10 Modern VLR, Very Light Rail track costs – around £5 – £10m/km
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Mon, 18 Feb, 22:29 |
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Tue, 19 Feb, 11:08 |
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19 Feb 2019, 11:47 |
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Dear Dave,
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20 Feb 2019, 10:23 |
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20 Feb 2019, 12:36 | |||
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David W is quite right, but it doesn’t stop there. The relevant section of the code, issued under s.65 of NRSWA, is contained in pages 74 to 77 of the October 2013 revision of the Safety at Street Works and Road Works Code of Practice. The section starts off with the following:
“Warning: Before carrying out works in a street with a tramway, the tramway operator and highway authority must be consulted. The tramway operator will set out safety requirements to ensure safe working and to minimise the impact of works on operation of the tramway. These requirements must be followed.”
This goes along with s.93 of NRSWA on which this part of the Code is based. Subsection 93(3) says:
“An undertaker executing works to which this section applies shall comply with any reasonable requirements made by the relevant transport authority—
(a) for securing the safety of persons employed in connection with the works, or
(b) for securing that interference with traffic on the railway or tramway caused by the execution of the works is reduced so far as is practicable;
and, except where submission of a plan and section is required, he shall defer beginning the works for such further period as the relevant transport authority may reasonably request as needed for formulating their requirements under this subsection or making their traffic arrangements.”
A tramway operator needs to have its own code of practice relating to work near to the tramway so that it can readily provide the requirements for safe working close to the tramway. The first of these was developed for Manchester Metrolink in conjunction with Kit Holden and Steven Firth. This was also used as the basis for the Midland Metro and Sheffield tramways, and I imagine will also have been used with whatever modifications were necessary by all the other tramway operators.
A further consideration is s.82 of NRSWA. This says that a utility will have to compensate a relevant authority for any damage or loss resulting from work carried out by the utility. This applies regardless of whether the damage results from work carried out due to a failure of the apparatus or is straightforward repair work. Consequently the utility would be naïve to agree to leave apparatus in close proximity to a tramway unless it receives a waiver from this section (as was done in Birmingham for Severn Trent Water). Similarly the tramway operator would not sensibly agree to work being carried out in such a way as to mean that he was unable to recover costs and loss of profit if appropriate.
In my 30 years of involvement with tramway works I have frequently been embarrassed by peoples’ ideas about utility apparatus and how simply it can be dealt with by doing nothing. I’m sure that it will transpire that this was the approach adopted by TIE in Edinburgh. Please don’t get sucked into the same illusion: apparatus comes in many shapes and sizes, and lies at many depths below the road. It is vital that you know what is there long before work starts on building the tramway to understand just what will be required and when diversion work will need to be carried out. As David W has pointed out elsewhere, the utilities are extremely powerful, for good reason – they are what allow us to live in houses rather than caves – and if you mess with them they will roll you into the ground.
David Rumney
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22 Feb 2019, 11:54 |
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15 Mar 2019, 16:43 (2 days ago) | |||
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I apologise for the delay in responding on the subject of the NRSWA codes and the diversion of apparatus, but I was busy having a holiday and doing other things.
Alan Wilkins’ second paragraph points the right direction for considering the issue. The law sets out what is required to be achieved, but not how. The starting point is s.84(1) of NRSWA, which requires utilities and the transport authority to identify what needs to be done with apparatus that will be affected by the tramway construction or operation, and to carry out the necessary work efficiently so as to avoid unnecessary delay to the transport authority’s work (I paraphrase but hopefully have interpreted as it is intended). You can always read it for yourself, of course.
So far, so good. The first problem comes along with the definition of the transport authority. S.91(1) defines the transport authority as “the authority, body or person having the control or management of a transport undertaking”. The tramways set up so far have arranged things in different ways, meaning in some cases that the promoter starts out as the transport authority, and this status later changes to the tramway operator. You then face the problem that the promoter and the operator may have different ideas about the criteria for the movement of apparatus: one of them adopting the risk that apparatus should remain where it is (unless it unequivocally would physically interfere with the tramway construction), while the other believes that all affected apparatus should be moved to avoid any risk of interference with tramway operations in the future. Affected is defined in s.105(4) in the following terms: “For the purposes of this Part apparatus shall be regarded as affected by works if the effect of the works is to prevent or restrict access to the apparatus (for example, by laying other apparatus above or adjacent to it)”. As a starting point, utilities have a right to require apparatus to be moved if it is affected as defined, although this has often been amended by agreement.
In deciding what action to take, in conjunction with the utility companies, my aim was always to give best value for money to my client, but this did not necessarily mean adopting the cheapest initial option. It is necessary to take into account the long term costs, though assessing these can be very difficult.
A few examples:
Electricity
There was a proposal for a tram route in Glasgow from Maryhill (of Taggart fame) through the city centre to Easterhouse. In 1995 this failed to obtain the necessary powers, so never got built. Leeds Supertram, although it was granted the necessary powers, couldn’t raise the money.
Both schemes ran above or close by underground extra high voltage electricity cables. There could have been a discussion about whether to move them elsewhere, but there were good reasons to opt for removal. In Glasgow an excavator working on a different job came within a gnat’s whisker of breaching the protective cover to the cable. I was told by the electricity company concerned that because of the type of cable, breach could have resulted in the need to replace a couple of hundred metres of cable.
In regard to the Leeds cable, Yorkshire electricity gave evidence to the House of Lords committee stage of the Leeds Supertram Bill that the excavation required for repair of an extra high voltage cable would be 2.5 to 3 metres wide and around 30 metres long.
A photo of the excavation for an extra high voltage cable repair in South London, which is rather wider than the Leeds estimate, is included here.
Water
Water can do very considerable damage to a tramway, or anything else for that matter. Around 40 years ago in Manchester a double decker bus dropped into a hole in the road. I’m not certain of the whole story as it happened before my time (David H will probably know). However my understanding is that a water main leaked over a lengthy period, gradually softening the ground beneath, which in turn led to the collapse of a sewer. The softening widened and widened until finally the weight of vehicles passing above resulted in the collapse of a very large hole (it is possible that the sewer was in fact the culverted river which ran beneath the road). Leaving water pipes beneath the tramway can be a risky business. However there is one good thing about this: not having to worry about having to dismantle the track to get at the leak: the water will do the job all by itself (see photo below).
Sewers
As a rule, it should not be necessary to do much with sewers, unless they happen to be running directly beneath the track along its length. In Birmingham this was the case on Corporation Street. The first job in these circumstances is to assess the remaining life of the pipes. This is measured from 1 to 5, where 1 is top quality and 5 means don’t go within 10 metres. By agreeing to bring anything less that 2 up to standard (and to be fair there wasn’t much of that), it was agreed with Severn Trent that the pipes and manholes, with a few small alterations, could remain where they were. The quid pro quo was that STW received a waiver against the use of s.82 in the event of the need to dig up the tramway to repair a sewer. I have known a sewer repair to take 12 weeks.
Gas
In Salford there is a long-distance cast iron 36” gas main, close to but not overlapping the tram route. It was considered to be too close if a repair was needed, so that trams would have to be halted to allow the repair to be carried out. Cast iron pipes are very long lasting, and the weakness is in the old style lead jointing. The simple money-saving solution was to redo the relevant joints using modern longer lasting materials, avoiding the need to replace all the piping.
In Broad Street Birmingham there were two main gas pipes, 22” and 18” respectively. These were going to clash with the tramway alignment. Investigation of the history of the area showed that there had been something in excess of 50 industrial businesses in the area absorbing gas at the time the pipes were first laid. By negotiation, and due to the significant decrease in the quantity of gas now taken, it was agreed that the two pipes could be replaced by a single 625mm pipe.
Medium pressure pipes in Oldham and Droylsden, towns on Manchester Metrolink routes, were moved clear of the track by the gas distributer at their own expense. This was a classic example of the benefits of maintaining amicable relationships with the utility companies (note: don’t annoy them unnecessarily).
Communications
There is a variety of communications providers. The equipment includes ancient copper cables and newer fibre optic cables. In general the copper cables are likely to be well below any possible interference with tramway construction or operation, though this isn’t always the case, while fibre cables, particularly those installed during the 1990s, can be very shallow.
Copper cables are jointed in manholes which can be very large, perhaps 6 metres in length (I expect to get a correction from David H on the subject of BT equipment!). So long as the manhole accesses are sufficiently clear of the tracks, there should be no need to do anything with them. Even where the manhole is beneath the tracks, it may be possible to alter the manhole to make it accessible even when trams are running. This was done satisfactorily in Birmingham and Oldham, saving the much higher cost of diverting cables
Fibre cables can present more of a problem. One approach used successfully is to encase the cable in the track form when it is, or can be made to be, at a suitable level.
General observations
Sheffield was taken for a ride by the sewerage authority, who managed to get an unjustifiable amount of their sewers replaced at the expense of the tram promoter. Birmingham were likewise fleeced by Midlands Electricity Board on line 1 from Wolverhampton to Snow Hill (note: make sure you know what you are doing before you start doing it).
In the end, the choice is simple to say, though not so simple to decide on:
- can the utility agree to leave apparatus beneath the tracks? This depends on the importance of immediate repair or replacement. For example, is it providing crucial supplies to a hospital?
- If the utility can agree to leaving the apparatus in place, can the promoter accept the consequences of closing down the tramway for an indeterminate length of time?
- If the utility can agree to leave the apparatus in place, will the promoter be prepared to waive the effects of s.82 and absorb the risk of paying for repair of failed apparatus? If not, the utility has no obligation to leave apparatus in a position where it is affected by the tramway.
In a nutshell:
Do not be hoodwinked into believing that a tramway can be built without diverting apparatus. It will come back and bite you sooner or later, and in any case the law won’t allow a unilateral decision;
Find out what lies beneath;
Decide along with the owner of the apparatus what needs to be done with it;
Agree the cost based on NRSWA and the relevant regulations;
If the route is to go across non-highway land that contains utilities’ apparatus, the rules change. The relevant law is the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 as modified by the TWAO. This can be more difficult to deal with.
Regards
David Rumney
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Sat, 16 Mar, 11:13 (1 day ago) |
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WORD VERSION OF ABOVE LETTER
Response to Peter Fox, Letter to the Bath Chronicle of 3 May 2018
Mr Fox, in his letter to the Chronicle of 3 May, is quite correct in drawing attention to the cost of diverting utilities’ apparatus as a heavy burden on tramway proposals. But this is not necessarily the sole reason why proposals to build tramways fail.
There have been two modern attempts to build a tramway serving Bristol. I was invited by the promoter of the first scheme, the Advanced Transport for Avon which obtained statutory powers in an Act of 1989, to use my experience in managing diversions, shortly before the scheme was abandoned. As a result I can be fairly sure that the cost of diversions was not the main factor in the decision to drop it, as it was unknown at that stage. It seems that the later proposal for the Bristol Supertram was abandoned in 2004 so that the money set aside for its development could be used to cover a projected council tax increase, which again implies that the cost of diversions was not a major factor.
In any project funded publicly, at least in part, the essential requirement is that the benefit deriving from it exceeds the cost of providing it by an acceptable margin. This means assigning a cost to all elements of the project, of which diversion of apparatus is only one. If the benefit to cost ratio can be demonstrated to be satisfactory, the individual cost of the various elements is of no real concern.
The Edinburgh Tramway is the subject of a Public Inquiry, which is now coming to an end. It is important to wait for the final report to be released, rather than simply assuming the cost and duration of the diversionary works could not have been reduced by better management.
What happens to apparatus below or close to a tramway is determined by the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991. The Act merely requires the tramway promoter and the owner of apparatus to “identify any measures needing to be taken” to allow the tramway construction to be undertaken. There is no obligation on the utility company to move the apparatus, nor will they necessarily do so. As an example, sewers are normally located well below the level at which they could be affected by the tramway operations. If the sewer is in a satisfactory condition and can be accessed via a conveniently placed manhole, it is normal to leave it beneath the tracks. Similarly much of BT’s network is several meters deep and under favourable circumstances will not be diverted.
Having managed or advised on diversion of apparatus for several UK tramways, including Manchester Metrolink, Midland Metro, Strathclyde, Leeds Supertram, Sheffield Supertram extensions and Nottingham Express, I have great confidence in the possibility of keeping diversion costs at a manageable level. Over the last 30 years of tramway development, many cost saving measures have been agreed between promoters and utility companies. But this requires close co-operation between both parties from a very early stage in the development of the tramway, and failure to ensure this happens is the most likely way to end up in the situation met by Edinburgh and some of the other tramways.
David Rumney
Macclesfield
( David Rumney is a chartered engineer, and a (retired) member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Highways and Transportation and the Institute of Arbitrators. Involved in the planning of many UK successful tram systems such as the Manchester Metro-link, Birmingham, ( but not Edinburgh) and varying levels of involvement in Croydon, Liverpool and Nottingham, Leeds Supertram ( not built – Alistair Darling cancelled the scheme along with that of Liverpool.) . Expert in the issue of underground utilities diversions ( full expertise listed below in Advisory Group))
Above – track system in Den Haag, simply concrete pads on sand which permits easy access to buried services.
LETTER FROM BOB CHARD
Dear all,
My expertise in this is that as part of the design and costing work for the proposed Greenwich Waterfront Transit (GWT)project (tram technology option) I did a desk top cost evaluation of the costs of utilities relocations in Woolwich. It was agreed that for that project utilities costs would be significant and that was a reason why the alternative option of an electronically guided busway was eventually preferred; but subsequently also abandoned for different reasons. There are some important facts about utilities costs which are not mentioned in David Rumney’s letter which are :-
- There are about 20 different types of “utilities”; some types are very costly to relocate and some have virtually no cost to relocate.
- Not every type of utility is found in every street. We do not know yet what we have in Bath.
- In virtually all new highways constructed since about 1960 no utilities are located under the carriageway at shallow depth; and therefore no relocations are necessary or required.
- Therefore because of 1-3 above the % of a tram project’s cost which goes to utilities relocations is very variable on a range from 0% to more than 25%
- Therefore in a city such as Milton Keynes which is entirely built since 1960 a tram system would have no utilities relocation costs at all.
- Therefore in a city such as Edinburgh, which has an abundance of every type of ancient and dilapidated utilities it is inevitable that utilities reconstruction costs will be not just above average but exceptionally high.
- Therefore the part of the proposed GWT tram route in old Woolwich had exceptionally high utilities relocation cost estimates and the part in newer Thamesmead had almost zero relocation costs.
- Legislation pursuant to the New Roads and Street works Act defines how the costs of any agreed, or not agreed, utilities relocation costs will be negotiated and “shared” between the tram promoter and the highway owners. Parliament can and has in the past, changed the rules of engagement. This applies whether public money is involved or not.
- Obviously Edinburgh could have negotiated poorly, underestimated the risks and signed up to a very poor deal. Some commentators say that they did just that, and set a new UK and world record for incompetence and high utilities relocation costs.
- MOST IMPORTANT; technology improves all the time and allows tram projects all over the world to do everything better and at lower cost. Tram track technology is no exception. All the above historic costs are now irrelevant because in future about 90% of what used to be “necessary” relocations are no longer “necessary” if LR55 track is used; and it can be used almost everywhere, including in Bath.
- Unfortunately even as the Preston Tram line 1 is being built with LR55 track for ULR tramcars, to eliminate all utilities relocation costs from that tram system, the WS Atkins report to Bath Council has assumed that Bath will only have old style slab track with costs similar to Edinburgh. That assumption is not inevitable and is therefore wrong and unhelpful.
Bob Chard, Member of the ULR Group of UK Tram
LETTER FROM PROFESSOR LEWIS LESLEY DEVELOPER OF PRESTON TRAMS
Such utility works have to be done in reasonable co-operation with other
utilities, including tramways. The HMRI has provided a “possession
arrangement” for utility works under active tram tracks. This includes
diverting road traffic away.
Obviously for catastrophic utility failures, eg. gas main/water main
bursting, trams would have to stop, for about a week. Such failures are
however 1 in 40 year events. A economic exercise was undertaken for a
proposed tramway to Liverpool Airport. This showed that if the cost of
utility diversion was more than £160k per km, then it is better to leave
plant in place and lose a week’s tram revenue every 40 years.
Trampower includes a conservative figure of 9% of track costs for utility
accommodation works, with LR55 tracks, since as Bob Chard has pointed out,
there are no utilities in the top 300mm of a road, except for magnetic loop
detectors for traffic signals, which are being phased out in favour of radar
detection. And from many discussions with Utility Companies, not having to
move plant is their dream, provided access is available between rails. LR55
rails self support over 1m wide trenches.
Lewis Lesley
Prof. Lewis Lesley BSc, AKC, PhD, CEng, MICE, FRSA, FCIT, MTPS
LETTER FROM DAVID RUMNEY TO BATH TRAMS MAIL GROUPS 20TH NOVEMBER 2018
Dear Dave
I feel it is time to introduce some reality to the situation, as someone who has had practical experience in tramway planning, design and construction. There is a lot of waffle spoken, but the biggest concern is the attitude regarding utilities. You should understand that no-one is in a position to state that utilities do not need to be moved because a particular type of track construction is to be used, unless they are either the transport authority or the utility concerned. To do otherwise is a sure route to the same disaster as befell Edinburgh, as I shall explain.
I’ve been unable to discover the depth of the tracks of those claiming that their systems do not require diversions, but my guess is slightly in excess of 300mm. The original track depth for Manchester Metrolink was 450mm, not very different. What is being overlooked is that the total excavation depth for the track was around 900mm, to accommodate all the cables that are required for the running of a tramway, and this is not related to the track depth.
It appears to be assumed that the utilities place their apparatus at a constant and predictable depth. This overlooks the reality, which is that they are all over the place. As they have been added to over more than a century, they get moved around, lowered, raised and adjusted in various ways to accommodate more and more apparatus, while defunct apparatus is rarely if ever removed. In the 80s when telephone cable was being installed by the likes of NYNEX, it was mainly installed at a depth of around 250mm regardless of whether this was in the pavement or the carriageway. It was not unknown for pavement stones to stick out above their surroundings because the cable was so shallow.
There is an assumption that apparatus, if it fails beneath the tramway once it is in operation, can be easily replaced overnight without affecting the running of the tramway during the daytime. This is very far from the truth: some complex diversions can take months to repair. Repair of an underground extra high voltage electricity cable can take many weeks: these are present in both Leeds and Glasgow and would have been affected if their tramways had been built. Failed sewers or a failed large gas mains can likewise take a considerable time to repair or replace. It is essential that the promoter of a tramway knows what is underground before even making a final choice of route for the tramway.
The relevant law, which trumps ill-informed opinion any time, is the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991, specifically sections 84 and 85. In the normal way of things, if a utility wishes to install new apparatus in the street, it will probably have to persuade another utility to make way, and will have to pay the costs incurred by the obliging utility. If no room can be found, the apparatus can’t be accommodated. The tram promoter, although a statutory authority like all the utilities, is given special privileges by section 84 of the Act which ensures that the utilities must move their apparatus to accommodate the tramway. The transport authority and the undertaker (i.e. utility) are required (i.e. shall take such steps) “to identify any measures needing to be taken” to allow the tramway to be constructed without unnecessary delay. The principle underlying the identification of necessary measures is that the apparatus concerned will or may be affected by the tramway construction or operation, and apparatus is regarded as being affected if “the effect of the works is to prevent or restrict access to the apparatus”.
It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of starting discussions with the utility companies at an early stage in the process of planning the route of the tramway. In any case, the utilities will have to be involved once preparations are made for gaining statutory powers to build the tramway.
The Manchester tramway was the first of the second generation tramways to come into operation. More than thirty years ago we agreed that not only did we not know all the answers to tramway construction, but also that we did not know many of the questions. There are now many more people who have been involved in tramway schemes, who have asked the questions and found the answers. It is no longer necessary to make the same mistakes as were made in Edinburgh by effectively ignoring the issue of utilities until it was too late to avoid enormous additional costs.
Sincerely
David Rumney